Victor Hugo was a French Romantic poet, playwright, and novelist, born in 1802. He is one of the most important figures in 19th-century French literature. Among his most famous works are the novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame). He was also a prominent intellectual and politician, an advocate for the abolition of the death penalty and for social justice. After an almost 20-year exile during the Second French Empire, he returned to France and continued his influential literary and political career until his death in 1885.